Nursing Tips (659)

Educate patients that canes should be held on the strong side with the handle at the level of the wrist.

Canes: Patient Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Educate patients that canes should be held on the strong side with the handle at the level of the wrist.

Canes: Patient Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Educate patients that canes should be held on the strong side with the handle at the level of the wrist.

Bethanechol, used to treat non-obstructive urinary retention, stimulates cholinergic receptors

Bethanechol

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Bethanechol, used to treat non-obstructive urinary retention, stimulates cholinergic receptors

Bethanechol

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Bethanechol, used to treat non-obstructive urinary retention, stimulates cholinergic receptors

Sundowning is a common finding in Alzheimer's Disease, which is increased confusion or agitation in the evening.

Sundowning

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Sundowning is a common finding in Alzheimer's Disease, which is increased confusion or agitation in the evening.

Sundowning

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Sundowning is a common finding in Alzheimer's Disease, which is increased confusion or agitation in the evening.

A patient with paradoxical pulse and an EKG showing electrical alternans should be evaluated for cardiac tamponade.

Cardiac Tamponade

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient with paradoxical pulse and an EKG showing electrical alternans should be evaluated for cardiac tamponade.

Cardiac Tamponade

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient with paradoxical pulse and an EKG showing electrical alternans should be evaluated for cardiac tamponade.

After emptying a closed drain (e.g., Jackson-Pratt, Hemovac), fully compress the canister and replace cap in order to ensure negative pressure is applied to the area.

Closed Drain: Nursing Care

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

After emptying a closed drain (e.g., Jackson-Pratt, Hemovac), fully compress the canister and replace cap in order to ensure negative pressure is applied to the area.

Closed Drain: Nursing Care

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

After emptying a closed drain (e.g., Jackson-Pratt, Hemovac), fully compress the canister and replace cap in order to ensure negative pressure is applied to the area.

Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear/Acoustic) function can be assessed with the whisper test, Rinne test, and/or Weber test.

Cranial Nerve VIII Function Assessment

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear/Acoustic) function can be assessed with the whisper test, Rinne test, and/or Weber test.

Cranial Nerve VIII Function Assessment

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear/Acoustic) function can be assessed with the whisper test, Rinne test, and/or Weber test.

A pressure wound base which is covered in slough or eschar is considered to be unstageable.

Unstageable Pressure Wound

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A pressure wound base which is covered in slough or eschar is considered to be unstageable.

Unstageable Pressure Wound

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A pressure wound base which is covered in slough or eschar is considered to be unstageable.

Because atropine has anticholinergic side effects, it is often administered during surgery to decrease secretions.

Atropine: Nursing Care

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Because atropine has anticholinergic side effects, it is often administered during surgery to decrease secretions.

1 comment

Atropine: Nursing Care

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Because atropine has anticholinergic side effects, it is often administered during surgery to decrease secretions.

1 comment
Lordosis (excessive curvature of the lumbar spine) is a common finding in pregnancy and in toddlers.

Lordosis, Kyphosis, and Scoliosis

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Lordosis (excessive curvature of the lumbar spine) is a common finding in pregnancy and in toddlers. Kyphosis (excessive curvature of the thoracic spine) is a common finding in the older...

Lordosis, Kyphosis, and Scoliosis

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Lordosis (excessive curvature of the lumbar spine) is a common finding in pregnancy and in toddlers. Kyphosis (excessive curvature of the thoracic spine) is a common finding in the older...

A patient with a tension pneumothorax is likely to have tracheal deviation towards the unaffected side. Assess respiratory status in any patient with this finding!

Tension Pneumothorax

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient with a tension pneumothorax is likely to have tracheal deviation towards the unaffected side. Assess respiratory status in any patient with this finding!

Tension Pneumothorax

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient with a tension pneumothorax is likely to have tracheal deviation towards the unaffected side. Assess respiratory status in any patient with this finding!

An aggregate is a subgroup or population that share characteristics or concerns (e.g., LGBT+ residents of the same neighborhood).

What is an Aggregate?

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

An aggregate is a subgroup or population that share characteristics or concerns (e.g., LGBT+ residents of the same neighborhood).

What is an Aggregate?

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

An aggregate is a subgroup or population that share characteristics or concerns (e.g., LGBT+ residents of the same neighborhood).

A patient taking ethambutol for tuberculosis should be educated to have regular vision screenings and report changes in vision to the prescriber.

Ethambutol: Patient Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient taking ethambutol for tuberculosis should be educated to have regular vision screenings and report changes in vision to the prescriber.

Ethambutol: Patient Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient taking ethambutol for tuberculosis should be educated to have regular vision screenings and report changes in vision to the prescriber.

Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory) can be assessed by asking the patient to identify a scent (e.g., soap, coffee) while occluding one nostril at a time.

Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory) Assessment

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory) can be assessed by asking the patient to identify a scent (e.g., soap, coffee) while occluding one nostril at a time.

Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory) Assessment

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory) can be assessed by asking the patient to identify a scent (e.g., soap, coffee) while occluding one nostril at a time.

For patients with hearing loss, decrease background noise, face the patient, do not shout, and rephrase (but do not repeat) if they do not understand.

Hearing Loss: Nursing Care

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

For patients with hearing loss, decrease background noise, face the patient, do not shout, and rephrase (but do not repeat) if they do not understand.

Hearing Loss: Nursing Care

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

For patients with hearing loss, decrease background noise, face the patient, do not shout, and rephrase (but do not repeat) if they do not understand.

A patient with elevated hBNP (> 100 pg/mL) should be evaluated for Heart Failure.

Elevated hBNP

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient with elevated hBNP (> 100 pg/mL) should be evaluated for Heart Failure.

Elevated hBNP

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient with elevated hBNP (> 100 pg/mL) should be evaluated for Heart Failure.

Assessing Bowel Sounds - LevelUpRN

Assessing Bowel Sounds

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Bowel sounds cannot be called "absent" until the nurse has listened for five minutes without hearing bowel activity.

Assessing Bowel Sounds

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Bowel sounds cannot be called "absent" until the nurse has listened for five minutes without hearing bowel activity.

The most common seizure disorder in children is febrile seizures.

Febrile Seizures

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

The most common seizure disorder in children is febrile seizures.

Febrile Seizures

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

The most common seizure disorder in children is febrile seizures.

Because spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, monitor the patient for signs of hyperkalemia. Educate patients to avoid salt substitutes, as most of these contain potassium.

Spironolactone

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Because spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, monitor the patient for signs of hyperkalemia. Educate patients to avoid salt substitutes, as most of these contain potassium.

Spironolactone

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Because spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, monitor the patient for signs of hyperkalemia. Educate patients to avoid salt substitutes, as most of these contain potassium.

Food deserts are geographic areas that lack sufficient access to grocery stores and healthy food options.

Food Deserts

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Food deserts are geographic areas that lack sufficient access to grocery stores and healthy food options.

Food Deserts

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Food deserts are geographic areas that lack sufficient access to grocery stores and healthy food options.

For patients with eating disorders, the nurse should stay with them during meals and for at least an hour following.

Eating Disorders

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory measures to avoid weight gain (e.g., vomiting, laxative use, extreme exercise). Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by...

Eating Disorders

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Bulimia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory measures to avoid weight gain (e.g., vomiting, laxative use, extreme exercise). Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by...

All assessments should involve identifying the patient with two patient identifiers (e.g., name, DOB, MRN#). Remember: room number is NOT a valid patient identifier!

Patient Identifiers

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

All assessments should involve identifying the patient with two patient identifiers (e.g., name, DOB, MRN#). Remember: room number is NOT a valid patient identifier!

Patient Identifiers

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

All assessments should involve identifying the patient with two patient identifiers (e.g., name, DOB, MRN#). Remember: room number is NOT a valid patient identifier!

Adenosine (Adenocard) is a Class V antiarrhythmic medication used for supraventricular tachycardia.

Adenosine

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Adenosine (Adenocard) is a Class V antiarrhythmic medication used for supraventricular tachycardia.

Adenosine

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Adenosine (Adenocard) is a Class V antiarrhythmic medication used for supraventricular tachycardia.

Calcium (Ca) expected range: 9 - 10.5 mEq/L.

Calcium Ranges

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Calcium (Ca) expected range: 9 - 10.5 mEq/L HINT: California (CA) is due for a big earthquake that may measure 9 - 10.5 on the Richter scale.

Calcium Ranges

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Calcium (Ca) expected range: 9 - 10.5 mEq/L HINT: California (CA) is due for a big earthquake that may measure 9 - 10.5 on the Richter scale.

Neutrophils

Filgrastim

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Filgrastim is a medication used to stimulate the growth of neutrophils in patients with neutropenia.

Filgrastim

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Filgrastim is a medication used to stimulate the growth of neutrophils in patients with neutropenia.

A patient who experienced a long-bone fracture is at risk for a fat embolism. Immediately report any dyspnea, confusion, tachypnea, tachycardia, or chest pain to the provider.

Long-bone Fractures

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient who experienced a long-bone fracture is at risk for a fat embolism. Immediately report any dyspnea, confusion, tachypnea, tachycardia, or chest pain to the provider.

Long-bone Fractures

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient who experienced a long-bone fracture is at risk for a fat embolism. Immediately report any dyspnea, confusion, tachypnea, tachycardia, or chest pain to the provider.

Authoritarian parents are those who are strict and require high control but offer little warmth. Authoritative parents have moderate-high control, but offer high amounts of warmth.

Authoritarian vs. Authoritative Parenting

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Authoritarian parents are those who are strict and require high control but offer little warmth. Authoritative parents have moderate-high control, but offer high amounts of warmth. 

Authoritarian vs. Authoritative Parenting

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Authoritarian parents are those who are strict and require high control but offer little warmth. Authoritative parents have moderate-high control, but offer high amounts of warmth. 

Because oxybutynin is used to treat overactive bladder by inhibiting acetylcholine in the bladder, assess for anticholinergic symptoms. These include dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, and blurred vision.

Oxybutynin

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Because oxybutynin is used to treat overactive bladder by inhibiting acetylcholine in the bladder, assess for anticholinergic symptoms. These include dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, and blurred vision.

Oxybutynin

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Because oxybutynin is used to treat overactive bladder by inhibiting acetylcholine in the bladder, assess for anticholinergic symptoms. These include dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, and blurred vision.

A patient with appendicitis is likely to have RLQ pain at McBurney's Point along with rebound tenderness, nausea/vomiting, and fever.

Appendicitis: Nursing Care

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient with appendicitis is likely to have RLQ pain at McBurney's Point along with rebound tenderness, nausea/vomiting, and fever.

Appendicitis: Nursing Care

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient with appendicitis is likely to have RLQ pain at McBurney's Point along with rebound tenderness, nausea/vomiting, and fever.

A patient undergoing hemodialysis may have an arteriovenous fistula in the arm. Educate patient that blood pressures, IVs, and blood draws must be done from the arm without the shunt.

Hemodialysis: Patient Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient undergoing hemodialysis may have an arteriovenous fistula in the arm. Educate patient that blood pressures, IVs, and blood draws must be done from the arm without the shunt....

Hemodialysis: Patient Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient undergoing hemodialysis may have an arteriovenous fistula in the arm. Educate patient that blood pressures, IVs, and blood draws must be done from the arm without the shunt....

Corticosteroids: Patient Teaching - LevelUpRN

Corticosteroids: Patient Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Patients taking corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone, hydrocortisone) are at increased risk of infection. Monitor for signs of infection, and educate patients taking these medications to avoid crowded areas and perform frequent...

Corticosteroids: Patient Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Patients taking corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone, hydrocortisone) are at increased risk of infection. Monitor for signs of infection, and educate patients taking these medications to avoid crowded areas and perform frequent...

Written educational materials should be provided in the patient's primary language using layman's terms and an appropriate reading level.

Providing Educational Materials to Patients

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Written educational materials should be provided in the patient's primary language using layman's terms and an appropriate reading level.

Providing Educational Materials to Patients

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Written educational materials should be provided in the patient's primary language using layman's terms and an appropriate reading level.

When performing a Snellen exam for visual acuity, an adult should stand 20 feet away from the chart, but a child should stand 10 feet from the chart.

Performing a Snellen Exam

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

When performing a Snellen exam for visual acuity, an adult should stand 20 feet away from the chart, but a child should stand 10 feet from the chart.

Performing a Snellen Exam

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

When performing a Snellen exam for visual acuity, an adult should stand 20 feet away from the chart, but a child should stand 10 feet from the chart.

Because of the unpleasant GI side effects of metformin, educate patients to take this medication with a meal.

Metformin

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Because of the unpleasant GI side effects of metformin, educate patients to take this medication with a meal.

Metformin

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Because of the unpleasant GI side effects of metformin, educate patients to take this medication with a meal.

Vitamin B9 (folic acid) is needed to prevent neural tube defects in a developing fetus.

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Vitamin B9 (folic acid) is needed to prevent neural tube defects in a developing fetus.

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Vitamin B9 (folic acid) is needed to prevent neural tube defects in a developing fetus.

A patient with asthma who is experiencing airway obstruction unresponsive to usual therapy is experiencing status asthmaticus. Administer oxygen and prepare for emergency intubation!

Status Asthmaticus

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient with asthma who is experiencing airway obstruction unresponsive to usual therapy is experiencing status asthmaticus. Administer oxygen and prepare for emergency intubation!

Status Asthmaticus

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient with asthma who is experiencing airway obstruction unresponsive to usual therapy is experiencing status asthmaticus. Administer oxygen and prepare for emergency intubation!

Avoid recapping needles to prevent sharps injury. If recapping is unavoidable, use the scoop method to minimize the risk of injury.

The Scoop Method

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Avoid recapping needles to prevent sharps injury. If recapping is unavoidable, use the scoop method to minimize the risk of injury.

The Scoop Method

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Avoid recapping needles to prevent sharps injury. If recapping is unavoidable, use the scoop method to minimize the risk of injury.

When caring for a child with appendicitis, report to the provider any sudden relief of pain. This may indicate that the appendix has perforated and requires emergency surgery!

Appendicitis: Family Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

When caring for a child with appendicitis, report to the provider any sudden relief of pain. This may indicate that the appendix has perforated and requires emergency surgery!

Appendicitis: Family Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

When caring for a child with appendicitis, report to the provider any sudden relief of pain. This may indicate that the appendix has perforated and requires emergency surgery!

A patient who experiences prolonged standing (like nurses!) is at risk for developing varicose veins. Educate patients with this risk factor to wear compression stockings and elevate the legs when possible.

Varicose Veins: Patient Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient who experiences prolonged standing (like nurses!) is at risk for developing varicose veins. Educate patients with this risk factor to wear compression stockings and elevate the legs when...

Varicose Veins: Patient Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient who experiences prolonged standing (like nurses!) is at risk for developing varicose veins. Educate patients with this risk factor to wear compression stockings and elevate the legs when...

Because hypokalemia increases a patient's risk of digoxin toxicity, be sure to closely monitor the potassium levels for patients taking digoxin!

Digoxin and Hypokalemia

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Because hypokalemia increases a patient's risk of digoxin toxicity, be sure to closely monitor the potassium levels for patients taking digoxin!

Digoxin and Hypokalemia

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Because hypokalemia increases a patient's risk of digoxin toxicity, be sure to closely monitor the potassium levels for patients taking digoxin!

Patients receiving enemas may report cramping. Lower the solution container if cramping is reported.

Enemas: Nursing Care

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Patients receiving enemas may report cramping. Lower the solution container if cramping is reported.

Enemas: Nursing Care

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Patients receiving enemas may report cramping. Lower the solution container if cramping is reported.

With Cushing's Syndrome, restrict fluid and sodium but increase the patient's intake of protein, calcium, and vitamin D.

Cushing's Syndrome: Nursing Care

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

With Cushing's Syndrome, restrict fluid and sodium but increase the patient's intake of protein, calcium, and vitamin D.

Cushing's Syndrome: Nursing Care

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

With Cushing's Syndrome, restrict fluid and sodium but increase the patient's intake of protein, calcium, and vitamin D.

A patient reporting a loss of central vision should be evaluated for macular degeneration.

Loss of Central Vision

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient reporting a loss of central vision should be evaluated for macular degeneration.

Loss of Central Vision

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient reporting a loss of central vision should be evaluated for macular degeneration.

Atropine is a medication that can be administered to patients with sinus bradycardia or heart block in order to increase heart rate.

Atropine

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Atropine is a medication that can be administered to patients with sinus bradycardia or heart block in order to increase heart rate.

Atropine

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Atropine is a medication that can be administered to patients with sinus bradycardia or heart block in order to increase heart rate.

Car seat safety for newborns includes installing the car seat in the back/middle seat, using a rear-facing seat with a 5-point harness until at least age 2.

Car Seat Safety for Newborns

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Car seat safety for newborns includes installing the car seat in the back/middle seat, using a rear-facing seat with a 5-point harness until at least age 2, installing the seat...

Car Seat Safety for Newborns

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Car seat safety for newborns includes installing the car seat in the back/middle seat, using a rear-facing seat with a 5-point harness until at least age 2, installing the seat...

A patient using crutches should be taught to ascend stairs leading with the strong leg and descend by leading with the weaker leg.

Crutches: Patient Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient using crutches should be taught to ascend stairs leading with the strong leg and descend by leading with the weaker leg.

Crutches: Patient Teaching

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

A patient using crutches should be taught to ascend stairs leading with the strong leg and descend by leading with the weaker leg.

Assess any skin lesions for potential cancerous changes using ABCDE.

Assessing Skin Lesions with ABCDE

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Assess any skin lesions for potential cancerous changes using ABCDE.

Assessing Skin Lesions with ABCDE

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Assess any skin lesions for potential cancerous changes using ABCDE.

When caring for a child with pheochromocytoma, be sure not to palpate the abdomen. Palpation can cause a sudden release of catecholamines, triggering severe hypertension!

Pheochromocytoma in Children

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

When caring for a child with pheochromocytoma, be sure not to palpate the abdomen. Palpation can cause a sudden release of catecholamines, triggering severe hypertension!

Pheochromocytoma in Children

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

When caring for a child with pheochromocytoma, be sure not to palpate the abdomen. Palpation can cause a sudden release of catecholamines, triggering severe hypertension!

Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) pumps should only be used by the patient. Educate families/visitors not to press the button for the patient!

Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pumps

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) pumps should only be used by the patient. Educate families/visitors not to press the button for the patient!

Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pumps

Cathy Parkes RN, BSN, PHN, CWCN

Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) pumps should only be used by the patient. Educate families/visitors not to press the button for the patient!